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3.2 Therapeutic potential via paracrine mechanisms The therapeutic effects of MSCs are primarily mediated through their paracrine activity, which involves the secretion of bioactive factorssuch as growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, and EVsto modulate the local microenvironment (Pittenger et al., 2019

Given that the kidney is the primary site of clearance for small peptides, moderate-to-severe renal impairment may reduce clearance and increase sermorelin exposure

PTT presents numerous benefits for AD therapy, including operational flexibility, non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal modulation, and synergistic multimodal treatment approaches

doi: 10.2174/092986612801619552